Lumut Kerak (Lichenes)

Apa yang anda komentari jika melihat lumut kerak yang menempel pada pohon dan berwarna keperakan setelah ditunjukkan oleh seorang biolooger ?

Sepintas, terlihat seperti organisme tunggal dan seperti species lumut. Bentuknya berupa lembaran tipis seperti kerak. Sebenarnya lumut kerak ini merupakan gabungan miselium jamur yang di dalamnya terjalin sel-sel alga dan keduanya saling berinteraksi membentuk kehidupan simbiose yaitu simbiosis mutualisme. - Komponen fungi disebut mikobion dan komponen alga disebut fikobion namun sering juga penyebutan Algae yang ikut menyusun tubuh Lichenes disebut gonidium, ganggangnya berupa ganggang bersel tunggal atau berupa koloni. Kebanyakan gonidium adalah ganggang biru (Cyanophyceae) antara lain choococcus dan Nostoc, kadang-kadang juga ganggang hijau (Cholorophyceae) misalnya Cystococcus dan Trentopohlia. Kebanyakan cendawan yang ikut menyusun Lichenes tergolong ke dalam Ascomycetes terutama Discomycetales, hanya kadang-kadang Pyrenomycetales. Mungkin juga basidiomycetes mengambil bagian dalam membentuk Lichenis

Meskipun keduanya hidup sendiri-sendiri, tetapi dengan hidup pada umut kerak lebih menguntungkan bagi keduanya, karena mereka mampu hidup pada substrat atau tempat yang organisme lain tidak dapat hidup, misalnya batu. Karena mampu hidup pada batu-batuan, selain juga di pohon-pohonan secara komensalism tetapi banyak yang hidup pada tanah ataupun pada batu terutama di daerah tundra. Hidup Lichen tidak bergantung pada tinggi tempat hidupnya dari permukaan laut oleh karena itu Lichen dapat ditemukan mulai dari dataran randah sampai pada dataran tinggi Lichenes ini dikatakan sebagai organisme perintis yang mampu mengawali kehidupan dari kehidupan yang lain misalnya hidup di atas batu artinya Lichenes sebagai tumbuhan pioneer / perintis memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan. menjadi tumbuhan perintis pada daerah-daerah yang keras dan kering sehingga pada akhirnya dapat mendukung pertumbuhan organism lainnya.

Maka dalam suksesi primer lingkungan Lichenes akan selalu berada didepan sebagai pioneer perombak lingkungan yang kritis menjadi lingkungan yang segar dengan urutan suksesinya : Lichenes – Lumut – Rumput – Perdu – Semak – Pohon

Bagaimana caranya ya kok bisa bisanya hidup di batu yang tidak memenuhi untuk suatu proses kehidupan ? dasar Lichenes , ternyata ia menuntut kehidupannya sangat sederhana ada air dan sinar matahari ia bisa hidup , mengingat kemampuan fotosintesis yang dimilik oleh ganggangnya dan kemampuan menyerap air yang dimilik oleh si jamurnya .

Habitus Lichenes

Lichenes tersebut memulai pembentukan tanah dengan melapukkan pohon dan batu-batuan serta dalam proses terjadinya tanah. Lichen sangat tahan terhadap kekeringan. Jenis-jenis Lichen yang hidup pada bebatuan pada musim kering berkerut sampai terlepas alasnya tetapi organisme tersebut tidak mati dan hanya berada dalam hidup laten/dormancy. Jika segera mendapat air maka tubuh tumbuhan yang telah kering tersebut mulai menunjukkan aktivitasnya kembali.

Pertumbuhan talusnya sangat lambat. Ukuran tubbuhnya dalam satu tahun tidak mencapai 1 cm. badan buah yang baru akan tumbuh setelah Lichen mengadakan pertumbuhan vegetatif selama bertahun-tahun. Menurut habitusnya, Lichen dibagi menjadi dua yaitu :

a. Lichenes dengan talus berbentuk lembaran-lembaran

b. Lichenes dengan talus berbentuk semak-semak

Pada tipe Lichen dengan talus lembaran, talus seluruhnya melekat dengan sisi bawahnya pada alas sedangkan tipe Lichen dengan talus berbentuk semak-semak, hanya pangkal talus saja yang melekat pada alas dan ujungnya tetap bebas dan bercabang-cabang seperti batang tanaman tingkat tinggi. Kormophyta

Lichenes dapat juga digunakan sebagai indikator pencemaran lingkungan , karena jika dia saja yang sudah menuntut sangat sederhana terhadap lingkungan sampai tidak hidup dilingkungan itu dipastikan lingkungan pasti tidak beres entah itu udaranya dll, artinya apabila di suatu daerah tidak ada Lichenes, ini menunjukkan bahwa lingkungan itu betul betul fatal . Selain itu, Lichenes dapat dimanfaatkan pula sebagai obat, digunakan sebagai penambah rasa dan aroma, serta pigmen yang dihasilkan dapat dibuat kertas lakmus celup untuk menentukan indicator pH.

Reproduksi dan Pertumbuhan Lichen

Tubuh talus Lichen sangat berbeda dari Fungi dan Alga lainnya. Jenis ini merupakan tumbuhan dengan bentuk dan pertumbuhan yang sederhana. Reproduksinya dapat melalui aseksual, vegetative, dan seksual. Reproduksi secara aseksula umunya dilakukan oleh tipe Fructiose Lichen. Fructiose Lichen dapat dengan mudah melakukan fragmentasi. Sebagian besar fragmentasi tersebut dilakukan saat musim kering atau saat talus pada Lichen mengalami kekeringan dan memulai pertumbuhannya ketika mulai terdapat embun. Lichen yang berkembang biak dengan cara vegetatif yaitu sebagai berikut

a. Sebagian talus memisahkan diri yang kemudian akan berkembang menjadi individu baru.

b. Perkembangbiakan melalui soredia. Soredia adalah kelompok sel-sel ganggang yang sedang membelah diselubungi oleh hifa-hifa Fungi. Soredia ini sering terbentuk dalam bagian khusus dari talus yang mempunyai batas-batas yang jelas yaitu sorala.

c. Perkembangbiakan dengan spora Fungi yang hanya menghasilkan Lichenes baru jika Fungi tersebut dapat menemukan partner alga yang cocok.

Perkembangbiakan secara seksual umunya terjadi pada Basidiolichen. Perkembangbiakan ini melalui spora yang dihasilkan oleh hifa-hifa Fungi yang kemudian bertemu dengan partner alga yang cocok maka akan terjadi sexual fusion dan pembelahan meiosis.

Distribusi Sebaran Lichenes

Lichenes memperbanyak diri secara aseksual dan seksual. Secara aseksual dilakukan dengan cara fragmentasi, yaitu dengan membentuk potongan lumut kerak ( soredium) , yang soredium itu akan terlepas dari induknya untuk segera mandiri hiidup . Apabila jatuh di tempat yang cocok akan tumbuh menjadi individu baru. Dapat juga dilakukan dengan membuat struktur khusus yang disebut soredia, yaitu sel-sel alga yang terbungkus oleh hifa, terdapat pada permukaan talus Lichenes, warnanya putih seperti tepung. Sel-sel alga ini dapat terlepas, jika jatuh pada tempat yang cocok, maka akan tumbuh menjadi Lichenes baru. Adapun perkembangbiakan jamur dan alga secara seksual dilakukan sendiri-sendiri. Jamur dapat membentuk askokarp atau basidiokarp yang mengandung spora. Jika sporanya masak akan pecah dan terlepas kemudian dibawa angin. Jika jatuh di tempat yang cocok dan bertemu dengan alga, maka akan terbentuk Lichenes.

2.3 Peranan Lichen

Lichen dibedakan menurut jenis cemndawan yang menyusunnya yaitu :

a. Ascolichenes

b. Basidiolichenes

Anggota kelompok Ascolichen memiliki khasiat sebagai obat. Contohnya suku Parmeliceae yaitu Usnea sp. dan Roccella sp. Ciri-ciri morfologinya yaitu talus berbentuk benang, tegak ataupun bergantungan tanpa rizhoid dan melekat pada substrat pada suatu cakram pelekat yang berasal dari lapisan teras. Bila dilihat secara keseluruhan menyerupai jaring laba-laba.

Usnea sp. ini mengandung apotesium.Roccella sp. mengandung zat warna. Talus Lichenes tersebut mengandung suatu substansi yang terdiri atas suatu asam atau anhidrid asam. Oksidasinya dengan amoniak zat tersebut akan terpecah menjadi orsin (suatu zat yang tidak berwarna) yang kemudian diubah menjadi orsein (zat yang berwarna), setelah maserasi dengan amoniak cair, kapur, atau soda selama kurang lebih 1 minggu akan timbul warna merah lembayung yang mengandung eritrolitmin dan azolimin.Dari karakter itu kemudian keduanya bisa digunakan untuk kepentingan manusia .

Usnea menghasilkan suatu anti biotika asam usnin, yang berguna untukmelawan tuberculosis. Selanjutnya Rocella tinctoria, untuk pembuatan lakmus; Cladonia rangiferina, banyak terdapat di daerah tundra di sekitar kutub utara dan merupakan makanan utama bagi rusa kutub; Cetraria islandica, banyak terdapat di daerah pegunungan di
Eropa, mampunyai khasiat obat.

Beberapa jenis Usneea sp. dan Umbilicaria esculentaini dapat dikonsumsi. Sebagian besar yang umunya mengonsumsi adalah Jepang dan Korea yang dikenal dengan nama Iwatake (Jepang) dan Seogi (Korea).

Beberapa Lichen lainnya memproduksi komponen sekunder termasuk pigmen yang mereduksi sinar matahari yang berbahaya dan sebagai toksin yang kuat untk membunuh bakteri. Komponen ini sangat bermanfaat dalam pengidentifikasian Lichen dan sangat penting dalam perekonomian karena dapat menjadi primitive antibiotics. Pemanfaatan lainnya terhadap Lichen yaitu famili Roccellacea telah digunakan sebagai ekstrak pewarna ungu dan merah yang sangat penting bagi perekonian masyarkat.

SEKALI LAGI

Lichen adalah bentuk simbiosis antara dua organisme yaitu Fungi dan Alga dengan bentuk morfologi dan fisiologi yang menunjukkan sebagai organisme tunggal. Lapisan atas berupa sel-sel Alga dan lapisan di bawahnya merupakan hifa-hifa Fungi. Lichen hidup pada bebatuan, tanah, taupun pada batang-batang pohon. Lichen juga dapat hidup pada keadaan yang sangat kering sehingga dapat menjadi tumbuhan perintis kehidupan organism lainnya. Lichen memiliki peranan yang penting dalam perekonomian yaitu sebagai bahan makanan yang dapat diolah oleh daerah-daerah tertentu, dapat digunakan sebagai primitive antibiotics, maupun sebagai ekstrak pewarna ungu dan merah. 

Signs and Symptoms of Typhus ( Typhoid )

You have suffered from typhus ? What do you feel when typhus ? Typhus is a frightening disease that commonly occur in the community . Sanitation and poor environmental quality and unhealthy eating habits make a typhus disease ever-present everywhere .
Typhus is a multisystemic disease fatal . That is, this one disease involving many body systems seriously . Systems involved for example the coordination system , digestive system , circulatory system , excretory system , integument system , lymphatic system , and others. Itself is the cause of typhoid fever bacterium Salmonella typhi attack . If left untreated , the disease may progress to delirium typhus ( patient condition that is difficult to focus and be dazed ) , obtundation ( decreased mental state that eventually become insensitive to pain ) , intestinal bleeding , and intestinal perforation ( perforated colon ) . Everything eventually lead to death .
To be able to avoid typhoid fever , you should be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of typhoid fever ( typhoid ) correctly . What kind of signs and symptoms of typhoid fever ( typhoid ) it ?
Signs and symptoms of typhoid fever ( typhoid ) in general is usually a high fever up to 39 - 40oC . This fever up and down manakal given febrifuge . There was no specific signs and symptoms of this disease . But even so , based on the experience of many people with typhoid , they usually will feel the complaints such as loss of appetite , headache ( dizziness ) , pain and weakness throughout the body , fever and downs before, lethargy ( a state of decreased ability to concentrate or concentration thus become dazed and insensitive to pain ) , diarrhea continuously, chest pain , and abdominal pain . These complaints occur on average between one and two weeks . Typhoid itself usually lasts for four weeks .
Therefore typhus have signs and symptoms are not specific , to know the certainty of typhoid or not you got the general symptoms such as above , physicians and laboratory diagnosis is absolutely necessary . The diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms that occurred while the laboratory tests based on the presence or absence of Salmonella typhi bacteria content in the blood .

MAKING ORGANIC FERTILIZER MADE FROM TRASH IN TOWN PROBOLINGGO

preliminaryProbolinggo city is one of the cities in the northern part of East Java province, located between lanes Surabaya - Banyuwangi . Covers approximately 5,667 hectares which is administratively divided into 3 ( three ) districts , namely District Mayangan ( with an area of ​​1,931 Ha ) , District Kademangan ( 2,151 ha ) and sub ​​Wonoasih ( 1,586 Ha ) . In 2005 , the population of the town of Probolinggo reach 186 221 inhabitants, with a population density reaches 3,568 jiwa/km2 City ( 1 ) .
Currently, the city of Probolinggo , including other cities in Indonesia , facing problems such as garbage fairly complicated environmental pollution due to burning and uncontrolled accumulation of trash , garbage disposal so as to cause the river to flood , and the difficulty of finding land The End Processing ( TPA ) . Indeed , the garbage problem can be solved by doing so become waste does not pollute the environment , improve the effectiveness of transporting waste , her resource recovery , and extend the life of the landfill .
Probolinggo waste generation reached 830 m3/day are distributed based on location: waste originating from residential areas reached 512 m3/day , 186 m3/day industrial area , the traditional market 85 m3 , 44 m3 trading facilities , and facilities 3 m3/day health . In general , waste Probolinggo dominated by organic waste and plastic to the composition : organic waste from markets to reach 92 percent , while 53 percent of the industrial area ( 1 ) . Composition of residential organic waste an estimated 60 percent of the biomass in the form of the remains of agricultural products derived from agricultural centers in rural or suburban sent to the city , such as vegetables , grains, fruits , and so on . Organic waste can be converted into high -quality organic fertilizer .
Agricultural land on the outskirts of the town of Probolinggo currently in desperate need of organic fertilizer to improve fertility is diminished . The use of chemical fertilizers has been done without coupled with the addition of organic material has led to nutrient-poor agricultural land and not crumbly . This condition is further exacerbated by the availability of chemical fertilizers is increasingly difficult to obtain that depress agricultural products . Therefore most farmers have been using organic fertilizers to correct back soil fertility . This experience began to be followed by other farmers and growers have succeeded in raising awareness of the importance of the use of organic fertilizers . As a result , demand for organic fertilizer also increased , but unfortunately the availability of quality organic fertilizer , cheap and easily available , very limited . With an area of 2,939 hectares of agricultural land is estimated to Probolinggo , requiring 21,000 tons of compost annually . By applying composting technology is expected garbage problem in the city of Probolinggo and problems of providing quality organic fertilizer for farmers can be solved .

Accelerated Technology Revolver Windrow Composting
To support the management of municipal solid waste into compost and to disseminate technologies that have been studied by BPPT , then in fiscal year 2008/2009 , Center for Environmental Technology - BPPT Accelerated technology implementation activities Revolver Windrow Composting ( ARWC ) in the city of Probolinggo .
Accelerated Technology revolver windrow composting ( ARWC ) or windrow composting systems accelerated scrolling is composting technology which has been developed by the Centre for Environmental Technology - BPPT that have been researched and proven reliability . ARWC technology is organic waste fermentation system that performed aerobics by stacked lengthwise ( windrow ) and rolled ( revolver ) on a regular basis so it turned into a stable material like humus or compost in a time called accelerated (accelerated ) . Microbes are used in fermentation are selected from natural microbial ( native microbe ) the results of the development itself is capable of performing rapid fermentation and can adapt well to the changing environment .
Characteristics ARWC technology is simple , easy , inexpensive and environmentally friendly so easily replicated and operated in any place in Indonesia. ARWC operation can be done either manually or mechanically depending on the circumstances . The process is odorless and fast lasts between 4 to 6 weeks . With the roll out process (revolve ) done , can be assured of aesthetic and ease the process . While the resulting product is of high quality compost , the compost that is free of weed seeds , hygienic ( free of pathogenic bacteria ) and contains high nutrients .
ARWC technology has proven reliability that has been applied in several places in Indonesia with diverse kinds of materials ranging from agricultural waste , industrial waste , municipal waste up . In fact , the technology has been recommended by the Ministry of Environment and the World Bank to be applied throughout Indonesia. In connection with the handling of municipal solid waste , ARWC technology contribute significantly important for urban development and the provision of organic fertilizer for agriculture .

Development of organic compost fertilizer production process in Probolinggo done with process optimization and improvement of facilities and composting infrastructure . Optimization process is carried out by applying technology that has ARWC compost production capacity can reach about 5 tons of compost per week .
Raw materials of organic fertilizer is organic waste that comes from several sources : (i ) residential , ( ii ) a sweep of the road and park , and ( iii ) market , which is transported to a composting plant with motor carts , . Pickup car , truck or dump truck armroll .
The first process before composting , waste must be sorted first on the source of waste and composting plant . Sorting at source involves community participation groups that are members of the community ( community groups ) care waste . Which has been disaggregated garbage at source and then transported by baktor by officers to be brought to the production of organic fertilizer . Meanwhile , the process of sorting waste at composting plant was done manually on waste from the market because it still contains many inorganic waste . Sorting process is done in the area of ​​unloading waste ( waste reduction ) and the enumeration space . Waste from street sweeping directly composted , no longer divided , because its composition was dominated by organic waste . Further organic waste collected , before fermented , first enumerated by thrasher .
Of area enumeration and sorting , waste transported by motor carts to hall composting ( composting chamber ) were separated by sieving area . Stacks are formed manually with rakes and spades have dimensions of 2.5 meters wide , 8 meters long , 1.5 meters high and elongated trapezoidal shaped ( windrow ) . With these dimensions , the natural aeration process is still running quite optimal . To optimize the process of making organic fertilizer , was added during the formation of a pile of cow dung is rich in microorganisms (functioning as a starter ) and nitrogen content can accelerate the composting process so that the composting process can be accelerated (accelerated ) .
Pile regularly watered to maintain moisture so that the composting process runs optomal . Watering process is done with the use of ground water sprayer / hose . water . Humidity control is strictly carried out because the surrounding air is quite hot ( the sun ) and blustery so pile into dry quickly .
Formed piles left fermented aerobically so naturally the temperature increased to 70 oC . The high temperatures can last for two weeks . After one week old pile , the pile rolled ( revolved ) to the next place . The place was empty on plot 1 is replenished with new raw materials . A week later stack on the second plot was transferred to the third plot , first plot to stack two plots . Revolving done regularly to incoming sixth plot . Once the patch is in the sixth week , a compost pile is ripe and ready for harvest. Revolving process is done manually with the help of baktor , rakes and spades .
Of the six plots , organic fertilizer products that have become ( compost ) then held in the area before sifting sifted manually and mechanically . Mechanical sieving is done if the product to be sieved is quite a lot , while for the little amount sufficient sifted manually . Diameter holes about 5 mm sieve . Used a mechanical sieve Trommel screen driven by a diesel engine . The process of making organic fertilizer ARWC method can be seen in Figure 2 .
Organic Fertilizer Production and Marketing is
Fine compost diameter of 5 mm and then sifted again with a 3 mm sieve for granules made ​​. Granule -making process is done with a rotating disc ( disc rotates ) is driven by a diesel engine that can produce about 30 kg of compost granules within 5 minutes . Granule compost produced then dried in the sun . After that , most of the granules enriched with N , P , and K in natural mixer machine as required by the consumer .

Good organic fertilizer products which have been sifted and digranul packed in transparent plastic containers labeled with the size of 5 kg . Sealing is done with electric hotseal packaging . For granular fertilizer , than packed in the size , also packed in 50 kg bags with size . Closing sacks carried by suturing. Brand of organic fertilizer that is BIOKOMPOS Bayuangga Lestari .
Organic fertilizer compost product produced meets some quality requirements as listed in the compost Compost No. SNI . 19-7030-2004 ( 2 ) . C / N ratio of compost is 18 , a value which is close to the ratio C / N soil is about 10 to 20 . Compost temperature around 25 ° C , in accordance with the temperature of the ground water . It smells like the smell of the soil because it contains materials that already resembles a soil material and blackish in color and texture as well as land . Physical and chemical characteristics of compost are presented in Table 1 .

The amount of fertilizer that has been successfully produced from May to October 2008 was 49.75 tonnes . When averaged perminggunya organic fertilizer production is 2.07 tons , while the production target is 3 tons of organic fertilizer per week .

Organic fertilizer products are marketed consists of two forms , namely the form of compost ( regular ) and granule form compost . Compost distribution ( normal ) conducted in the city of Probolinggo , while the distribution of granule compost is mostly done outside such Probolinggo Probolinggo , Malang and Nganjuk . In the city of Probolinggo , compost partially distributed to the population as a form of incentive to households that have been instrumental to sort garbage , farmer groups , and most of the other retailers didistrbusikan to ornamental plants or kiosks spread across several lanes of the road in the city of Probolinggo . The results of the application of granular products in the compost plant onions and potatoes that have been shown to increase the farmers harvest the commodity.
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Accelerated implementation of technology Revolver Windrow Composting ( ARWC ) in Probolinggo has been successfully implemented . Products, whether in the form of compost or compost granule regular , good quality and meet national standards . Processing of waste into organic fertilizer has created new employment opportunities in the field of composting and recycling of municipal solid waste and improve the efficiency of municipal waste management systems and extend the life of the landfill .
Organic fertilizer compost activities in the city of Probolinggo should be replicated in other areas with serious and professional suit local conditions as well as useful in the provision of organic fertilizer for food security and maintain the cleanliness and greenery the city but also provide economic benefits for the managers of hygiene . Therefore , such a program should be in the coming years also directed to other cities in Indonesia.

WASTE RECYCLING BOX

1 . backgroundPaper is one commodity that is needed by almost all people in the world , our modern life everyday now can not be separated from the paper that most of the wood raw material harvested from the forest trees . Thus the more extravagant use of paper , the more trees to be cut down for pulp ( pulp ) paper candidate . As a rough idea , to produce 1 ton of original fiber chemical pulp timber takes about 1.5 tons . So imagine if the use of paper can only be met by the native fibers will have a direct impact on environmental sustainability .Paper demand in Indonesia when in 1987 it only requires 782 420 tonnes in 1996 has reached 3,119,970 tons . And of all paper consumed is only a small part back to the manufacturer for recycling because of conflicts of interest with other uses by the public . However, it does not mean that the paper does not go back to the paper mill is fully utilized by the public . Waste paper that is not utilized due to one reason or another will eventually lead to the final disposal ( landfill ) that will increase the volume of waste and shorten the life of the landfill itself.
2 . Recycling Waste Paper / CardboardRecovery of waste paper directly to other uses is an effort to increase savings in paper demand of the original fiber . Efforts to re- paper the former will have a positive impact on future forest extinction .One waste paper recycling effort is to give the treatment of paper cardboard products packaging materials to be used again with the same size or smaller . Things to consider is the type of query boxes usually have a uniform type of wave , ie a wave cardboard ( one ply ) , wave 2 ( two plies ) , etc. . Besides, it should not be pressed cardboard waves because the waves will be lost and reduces the strength cardboard itself. Outline picture of the treatment of the cardboard used is as follows :


While the process flow diagram used cardboard recycling is presented in Figure - 2 below :


Photo attachment :

waste cardboard


Kachip for cutting cardboard with a small size


Eccentric for cardboard cutting with large size


Small size cardboard ( instant noodles ) after the cut Kachip


Pond as a cutting machine and a cardboard shape groove forming new


Cardboard sewing machine


Recycled cardboard

KNOW THE TYPES OF FAT

Fat has a distinctive flavor of food . Processed foods with fat was definitely tempting and makes want to eat continuously. But for lovers of slim body , the word " fat " has always made ​​them scared and tried hard to avoid it . Though not all fat negative effect . Because the body needs fat as well , among which are delivering vitamin E to be absorbed in the intestine . Fat also serves to energy reserves , provided it is not stockpiled in large quantities , the fat is still safe .
For more friendly and able to control the intake of fat in the body , it helps us get to know the types of fat , namely :

    Saturated fats (saturated fat ) are fats that are generally solid . Examples of saturated fats are butter , whole milk , coconut oil , red meat , and palm oil . This type of fat intake should be limited because it will increase blood cholesterol , especially LDL levels .
    Unsaturated fats ( unsaturated fat ) , divided into two polyunsaturated fats ( poly -unsaturated fat ) and monounsaturated fats ( mono -unsaturated fat ) . Benefits of unsaturated fat is to reduce heart attacks , raising the antibodies the body and help lower LDL cholesterol . Even monounsaturated fat can increase levels of HDL . Examples of polyunsaturated fats are fish and seafood . While monounsaturated fats are olive oil , peanut oil canola oil , poultry and avocado .
Know the type of fat is certainly important , as it will help in choosing foods that are beneficial for the body . Trans fats are fats that come from unsaturated fats that have have developed hydrogenation process . An example is margarine .
Eating fatty foods is fine , as long as it remains healthy lifestyle that is measured to avoid excessive intake of fat and then burn on a regular basis at least once every two weeks by exercising regularly . Eating fruits with nutrients needed by the body so that the stomach is not only filled with delicious - delicious course . Hopefully, knowing the types of fat can help us to live healthier .

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING AT THE GRASSROOTS LEVEL/ JAKARTA BAY-INDONESIA

DIMENSION AND GEOGRAPHIC SITUATION

Jakarta Bay is located in the north of Jakarta. It is a rather shallow bay (averagedepth 15 m) covering an area of about 514 km2. The bay receives freshwater runoff from 13 rivers which cross the Jakarta Metropolitan Area where around 20 million people live. Kepulauan Seribu (ThousandIslands) is an archipelago within the bay which consist of 108 small islands, forming a chain of offshore islands stretching along some 80km in a NW - SE direction and 30 km from west to east. The islands are typically small (less than 10 ha on average) and reach an elevation of generally less than 3 m above sea level. With the expansion of theJakarta Metropolitan Area during the second half of this century, theJakarta Bay and Kepulauan Seribu environment has been increasingly affected by a range of human and natural impacts, including pollution, natural ecosystem transformation and non sustainable coastal resource exploitation. Kepulauan Seribu are a special case both in terms of environment and development. They are ecologically fragile and vulnerable, 3 out of 108 islands of Kepulauan Seribu have disappearedin the last 15 years. Their small size, limited resources, geographic dispersion and isolation from markets, place them at a disadvantage economically and prevent economies of scale.

DESCRIPTION

Since 1985, UNESCO, in collaboration with National and International Scientific institutes has been organising scientific campaigns for the collection of data on thestatus of coral reefs in Kepulauan Seribu. Ten years later, in 1995,UNESCO organised the second workshop to re-evaluate the condition ofthe coral reef in this archipelago. Following UNESCO-sponsored fieldw orkshops in 1985 and 1995, Jakarta Bay and Kepulauan Seribu have become the subject of a pilot project initiated in 1996, by the Coastal Regions and Small Islands Unit (CSI).The pilot project attempts to deal with the problems created by atropical coastal mega-city.

Efforts to reduce pressure on Jakarta Bay andKepulauan Seribu require immediate actions in two directions: (1)improvement in Jakarta's waste management and recycling in order toreduce the waste that flows from the city to the sea, and (2)socio-economic sustainable development of the local communities living on the islands and along Jakarta Bay.

Two aspects of the waste management project are:

(a) Composting of organic waste in Bintaro'straditional market. In cooperation with Yayasan Kirai Indonesia/NGO (from September 1997), wise waste management is being experimented with by making use of market organic waste. Training courses for organic matter recycling were organized on the market place. Two persons were responsible for collecting and subsequently composting the organicwaste. Then, using the "heap method", recycling of market organic waste began. At the end of the two months' project, they were able to achievea 30% reduction in their total waste. Compost has provided the local vendors with an income.

(b) Paper recycling and composting. Students of the Senior Public High School No. 34 in North Jakarta were trained tor recycle old paper. Through the 'Students Science Club' they now regularly produce very decorative stationary, which they sell to the public. They also produce many other schools, which are interested in following their example and they are willing to teach other groups.This idea of a 'recycling programme for schools' is a good way toeducate students to adopt 'wise attitudes' in relation to environmental problems.

One activity of the socio-economic sustainable development project was:
A social empowerment project in Kamal Muara (conducted by Social and Human Science Sector of UNESCO). Like the inhabitants of Kepulauan Seribu, most residents of Kamal Muara live below the poverty line. The goal of the project is therefore to encourage initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life andpromoting the exercise of citizen participation in urban governance.High priority has been given to ensure project sustainability and themultiplier effect. Two Indonesian NGOs, Bina Swadaya and Yayasan KiraiIndonesia, are now facilitating the implementation of follow-up activities. Bina Swadaya focuses on community self- governance andself-organization, skill training, small income generation and credit union activities. Yayasan Kirai concentrates its efforts on the improvement of the urban environment of Kamal Muara, through theorganization by the community itself of garbage collection, recycling and composting.

DISCUSSION

PARTICIPATORY PROCESS:

In association with local NGOs, waste management projects throughout the Jakarta area were initiated at a grass-root level. The activities consist of training in new waste practices in order to provide economic benefits to the participants. Recycling of organic matter forms the basis of most community waste management initiatives; training in composting with and without the use of worms meant that organic recycling could be implemented at both household and market levels.

CAPACITY BUILDING AND INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING:

After some training in paper recycling, composting, and environmental education, the people of Banjarsari, Cilandak, South Jakarta, were encouraged to set up an Environmental Committee whose aim is the protection of the environment. A small recycling centre was created where the youth carry out: paper recycling, composting with worms and planting medicinal herbs, using the compost produced. Training for women's activities was also organised in situ for example making cottonbags out of flour sacking. The Centre is also used as a 'show room' for the products (recycling paper product, compost, cotton bags etc) to be sold to the public. So far the project is running smoothly.

SUSTAINABILITY:

A combination of scientific studies, waste management initiatives, training and educational programmes as well as the identification of alternative income generating activities should allow for long term sustainable development whilst providing immediate benefit for the local communities.

TRANSFERABILITY:

Some easily transferable activities are: composting market organic waste; paper recycling andcomposting; and social empowerment.

GENDER ISSUES:

In Kepulauan Seribu, the women's role is limited to domestic work or to help their husband. Their economic role needs to be improved. In order to reduce the frequency of destructive fishing practices, alternative incomes were proposed both for fishermen and for their wives. In Pari Island, seaweed cultivation has been chosen as an option to promote alternative income generation.This project has been initiated by LIPI (Indonesia Research Institute) and has already proved to be a success as there is a high national and international demand for seaweed. Duck farming was determined as asuitable occupation for women. It was launched (introduction of 300 ducks, involving 50 families) and a manual on duck farming techniques has been prepared and distributed to local communities during atraining course held in the island in 11 June 1998.

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS:

To improve environmental awareness among young people living both in Jakarta and on the islands of Kepulauan Seribu, environmental education projects and public awareness campaigns are undertaken, in the knowledge that better understanding of the environment will lead to its protection. The target groups for education and training are: young people in elementary schools, Boy Scouts and Girl Guides. Also, teachers of Pulau Seribu will be offered the possibility of attending an in-service workshop and will subsequently transmit environmental awareness to their students in the islands.

MENGENAL JENIS KARBOHIDRAT

Terdapat dua jenis karbohidrat yang utama dalam makanan yaitu karbohidrat sederhana dan kompleks. Kita harus dapat mengenal jenis karbohidrat dan makanan apa yang menghasilkannya. Karbohidrat sederhana disebut juga gula sederhana. Ini dapat ditemukan dalam gula halus, seperti gula putih. Gula sederhana juga dapat ditemukan dalam makanan bernutrisi seperti buah-buahan dan susu. Lebih baik mendapatkan gula sederhana dari buah-buahan dan susu. Karena gula tidak ditambahkan pada makanan ini dan juga mereka mengandung vitamin dan serat, dan nutrisi penting seperti kalsium.
Karbohidrat kompleks disebut juga pati (kanji). Pati termasuk dalam produk biji-bijian, seperti roti, biskuit, pasta, dan nasi. Seperti gula sederhana, beberapa makanan karbohidrat kompleks adalah pilihan yang baik daripada yang lain. Biji-bijian olahan (halus), seperti tepung terigu dan nasi putih telah diproses yang mana menghilangkan nutrisi dan fiber. Tapi biji-bijian yang tidak dihaluskan masih mengandung vitamin dan mineral. Dan juga kaya serta, yang membantu sistem pencernaan Anda bekerja dengan baik. Serat membantu Anda merasa kenyang, sehingga Anda cenderung tidak makan terlalu banyak. Hal ini menjelaskan mengapa semangkuk bubur gandum lebih baik daripada permen manis dengan jumlah kalori yang sama. Karbohidrat kompleks memberi Anda energi untuk jangka waktu yang lama. Dengan mengenal jenis karbohidrat ini menjadi lebih paham akan manfaatnya untuk tubuh.
Ketika Anda mengkonsumsi karbohidrat, tubuh Anda memecahkannya menjadi gula sederhana yang diserap ke dalam aliran darah. Ketika kadar gula meningkat dalam tubuh Anda, pankreas akan mengeluarkan hormon yang disebut insulin. Insulin diperlukan untuk memindahkan gula dari darah ke dalam sel-sel, dimana gula dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi.
Mengenal jenis karbohidrat penting bagi kita. Dengan begitu kita dapat menentukan makanan apa saja yang lebih baik dikonsumsi agar menghasilkan energi untuk jangka waktu yang lama. Dengan begitu kita tidak cepat merasa lapar. Tapi jika kita tidak mengenal jenis karbohidrat, kemungkinan besar akan salah memilih makanan yang akhirnya mengganggu kesehatan Anda.